There will be some very disruptive and some transformational changes in the way health care is delivered, not as a result of reform, but as a result of the drivers of change described previously. They included an aging population, an obese society, shortages of doctors, and emerging consumerism, among others.
I interviewed in depth about 150 medical leaders from across the United States to collect information and then distilled it down to a few key observations for my book “The Future of Health Care Delivery – Why It Must change And How It Will Affect You.”.
As a result of those previously discussed drivers of change, here is some what we can expect to occur in the coming years.
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First, there will be many more patients needing substantial levels of medical care. These won’t be just any patients but two specific groups that are growing rapidly. Americans are aging. “Old parts wear out” and there are impairments in vision, hearing, mobility, bone strength, dentition and cognition that become more prevalent with age. And of course our society has many adverse lifestyles such as consuming too much of a non-nutritious diet, being sedentary, being chronically stressed and 20% still smoke. These all lead to chronic illnesses like diabetes type II, heart failure, cancer, chronic lung and kidney disease, etc. So there will many more individuals with chronic illnesses. The especially sad thing is that many of these individuals will be moderately young as a result of obesity since one third are overweight and another one third are frankly obese. (And now that the AMA has specifically listed obesity as a disease rather than just a predisposer to disease, then the number of Americans with chronic illnesses jumps dramatically.) This increase in chronic diseases and the impairments of aging will have huge impacts on care delivery.
Of course, more and more care is and can be done out of hospital. But with many more patients in need of care for serious chronic illnesses, there will be a need for more high tech hospital beds, ICUs, ORs, and interventional radiology. This is different than the mantra of recent decades which proclaimed that there are too many hospitals and too many beds. Now it is the just the reverse. This too is a big change.
But building new hospitals or new wings or renovations costs a lot of money. So does technology such as the electronic medical record, new CT or MRI scanners, and the needed technology for the operating rooms or radiation therapy equipment. To garner the required money, hospitals will need to access the capital markets. What will smaller hospitals do that have less ability to enter the credit markets? Merge with larger systems to get access to capital. So there will be more and more smaller hospitals merging into larger systems. Indeed there will be few stand alone community hospitals in the coming years. This is quite a disruptive change.
There is already a shortage of primary care physicians and this will undoubted accelerate since few are entering primary care today after medical school and training. In part to compensate, there will be greater use of NPs and PAs, especially in primary care. Notwithstanding the debate as to whether NPs can serve as well as MDs in primary care, they can be very effective and allow the MD to do what he or she is best at doing. Together they can create an excellent team.
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Primary care doctors are caught in a catch 22. They are in a non sustainable business model. Reimbursements from insurers have stayed level for years but office and other expenses have gone up each year. So in order to keep their personal income at least flat, they need to “make it up in volume” by seeing more patients. This means no longer visiting their patients in the hospital and in the ER. Instead they wait for the hospitalist or the ER doctor to call with reports. And they shorten the time with each patient so they can see 24 to 25 patients or even more each day.
But seeing this many patients means they cannot give comprehensive preventive care and cannot adequately coordinate the care of their patients with chronic illnesses – two of the key things a PCP should be doing for optimum quality care. It is the absence of time – time to listen, time to prevent, time to coordinate and time to just think – that is the critical issue.
There are at least two approaches PCPs are taking to counter this dilemma. One is to no longer accept insurance and rather expect patients to pay a reasonable fee at each visit. Pay at the door. It cuts out a lot of haggling with the insurer and means they can spend more time with the patient. Importantly, it recreates a normal, typical professional-client relationship since the patient, not the insurer, is paying the doctor directly. But this is certainly a disruptive change to not accept your insurance! It is like going back a few decades.
Another approach gaining rapid popularity is to switch to retainer based practices, sometimes called concierge or boutique practices. The basic concept is to limit one’s practice to 500 patients rather than the typical 2000 or more. This means more time per patient. So in return for a fixed fee of about $1500-2000 per year the PCP agrees to be available by cell phone 24/7 and by email. He or she will see you in the office within 24 hours of a call. You get as much time as needed for the problem at hand. And the PCP will visit you in the hospital, the ER or the nursing home – maybe even do a house call.
The result is better quality. But there is more. Since the doctor now has the time – the patient now gets much more preventive care attention. And if a patient has a chronic illness, the PCP will take the very real time needed to coordinate that care. This will mean much better care from the specialists and will avoid unnecessary tests, scans and procedures. Better care at less expense. – One more very disruptive and I would say transformational change occurring in medical care delivery.
Stephen C Schimpff, MD is an internist, professor of medicine and public policy, former CEO of the University of Maryland Medical Center and is chair of the advisory committee for Sanovas, Inc. and senior advisor to Sage Growth Partners. He is the author of “The Future of Health Care Delivery – Why It Must change And How It Will Affect You” from which this post is partially adapted.
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